MIXED FUNCTIONS

 

ADVERB AND NOUN

 

Adverb             She knows all about bees.                                 

Noun                He gave it his all.

Adverb             She left bang on time for the airport.

Noun                We heard a loud bang.

Adverb             We flew due south.                  

Noun                We paid our dues.

Adverb             The wind stood fair for France.             

Noun                We had fun at the fair.

Adverb             South Africa is a democracy now.         

Noun                They’ll be at school by now.

Adverb             We came to Durban only once.             

Noun                Once is enough.

 

PREPOSITION AND NOUN

 

Preposition        She sings like a lark.                             

Noun                We’ll not see Mandela’s like again.

Preposition        We drove past the scene of the accident.

Noun                We’ll do well to learn from the past.

Preposition        We drove down the bumpy road.           

Noun                He looked down and out.

Preposition        She was grieving over the loss of her son.

Noun                I did my exercises over and over.

Preposition        Grandma watches over me from the

                        beyond.

Noun                The yard extends beyond that tree.        

PREPOSITION AND ADVERB

 

Preposition        There was nothing but bread to eat.

Adverb             This is but one idea.

Preposition        We  came by car.

Adverb             Put some money by for a rainy day.

Preposition        She is in the choir.

Adverb             The rain came in.

Preposition        We camped near the river.

Adverb             I knew that help was near.

Preposition        I jumped off the platform.

Adverb             The deal fell off.

Preposition        We went over  the details.

Adverb             The game is over.

 

ADVERB AND ADJECTIVE

 

Adverb             Can you see any better?

Adjective          Do it any way you please.

Adverb             The light faded away.

Adjective          We played an away match.

Adverb             We played both early and late.

Adjective          We bought both the house and the car.

Adverb             Make it easy for yourself and others.

Adjective          It was an easy test.

Adverb             Of all the girls, she swims the best.        

Adjective          That was the best party I ever attended.

 

 

Adjectives, which qualify nouns; and adverbs, which limit verbs, are the main modifiers. Adjectives, in most instances, precede the words they qualify. Adverbs, on the other hand, are mostly placed in the middle of a sentence or at the end. On occasions an adverb can appear at the beginning of a sentence. There is no hard and fast rule as to where the adverb ought to be placed and one has to be guided by experience. Many adverbs will appear between the subject and the verb or immediately after an auxiliary verb such as have, has or had.

 

Use each word in the list below as an adverb and an adjective.

 

 

 

away

back

best

daily

early

easy

far

fast

first

hard

high

late

little

long

loud

low

monthly

much

near

straight

weekly

wide

yearly

 

 

 

 

Examples:

 

             As I drew near the bird flew away.

                The next match will be an away match.

 

             The referee wanted us to stand back.

                Mum asked us to use the back room for the project.

 

3.             She dresses best of all the girls.

                School days were the best days of my life.

 

             Merchant of Venice is showing daily at the cinema.

                Running in the mornings was a daily habit for him.

 

             We had the best seats as we arrived early at the hall.

                It’s true that the early bird catches the worm.                                               

             Rest easy, the pilot will land the plane safely.

                I always do the easy questions first.

 

ADJECTIVE AND VERB

 

base                  buff                  busy                 calm    

dry                   idle                   keen                  last      

lean                   like                   live                   mean

mock                moot                 numb                open    

own                  peak                  rank                  rear

shy                   skew                 slim                  slow    

sour                  tame                 thin                   tidy      

trim                  warm

 

ADJECTIVE AND NOUN

 

blue                  cold                  dark                  due

east                   evil                   fair                   home   

kind                  last                   left                    less

like                   main                 male                  many   

more                 most                 mum                 one

over                  pale                   pink                  rank     

rash                  rear                   red                    safe     

sage                  side                   slow                 sole      

sore                  stem                 tart                   top

toy                    void                  west                 wise

 

 

An English word can in many instances be either a noun or an adjective without any alteration in form. It would therefore be useful to look for sentences in literature where such words are used as adjectives, not as nouns. This is because half of all the words in English are nouns anyway and their use is more obvious and therefore easier to recognize.

It is also fairly common to see nouns being used as adjectives in writing as in: -; biology tutorials, garden pests, home comforts, hospital beds, library books, problem children, shop attendant, sports administrator. This is acceptable as long as there is no ambiguity. Is a child trainer, for example, a child who is a trainer or one who trains a child? Use nouns as adjectives with care.

NOUN AND VERB

 

ache                 ally                   arch                  bail

bait                   bale                  band                 bang

bank                 bark                  base                 bash

bathe                beam                bear                  beat

belt                   bend                 bind                  bite

bath                  beam                bear                  beat

blot                   blow                 blur                   boil

blot                   bomb                bond                 bone

book                 boom                bore                  boss

bowl                 brew                 brim                  buck

bulk                  bump                bung                 bunk

buoy                 burn                  bust                  butt

buzz                  call                   cane                 cant

card                  care                  cart                  cast

cave                 char                  chat                  chip

chum                clap                  claw                 clip

clot                   club                  coat                  cock

code                 coil                   coin                  comb

cook                 cool                  cope                 copy

cork                  cost                  crib                   crop

crow                 cube                 cuff                  curb

cure                  curl                   damp                dare

darn                  dart                  dash                 date

diet                   dish                  dock                 dose

down                doze                 drag                  draw

deal                  deck                 dial                   dice

drip                   drop                  drug                  drum

duck                 dump                dust                  case

echo                 eddy                 edge                 envy

equal                even                 face                  fake

fall                    farm                 fawn                 fear

feed                  feel                   fete                  file

fill                     film                   find                   fine

 

fire                   firm                  fish                   flag

flap                   flax                   flop                   foal

foam                 foil                    fold                   fool

ford                  fork                  form                 foul

fray                  fret                   fuel                   fuse

fuss                  gall                   gang                 gaol

grip                   grit                   grub                  gulp

gust                  hack                 hail                   halt

hand                 hand                 harm                 harp

hate                  haul                  hawk                head

heap                 heat                  heed                 heel

help                  herd                  hide                  hint

hire                   hold                  hole                  home

hook                 hope                 hose                 howl

huff                  hump                hunt                  hurt

hush                 iron                   itch                   jack

jump                 keel                  keep                 kick

kiss                   knot                  lace                  lack

land                  lark                   lash                  last

lead                  leak                  lick                   limp

line                   link                   list                    load

loaf                   loan                  lock                  look

loop                  loot                   lord                   love

lull                    lump                 mail                  make

mark                 mash                mask                mass

mate                 meet                 mend                mesh

mess                 milk                  mill                   mind

mine                 miss                  mole                 moon

moor                 move                muck                mull

nail                   name                need                 nest

nick                  nose                 note                  ooze

pace                 pack                 page                 pain

pair                   pall                   palm                 part

pass                  pawn                peak                 peal

peck                 peel                  peer                  pelt

 

 

 

pipe                  pity                   plan                  play

plot                   plug                  poke                 poll

pool                  pore                  pose                 post

prey                  prop                  puff                  pump

punt                  purl                   push                 quiz

prey                  prop                  puff                  pump

race                  rack                  rage                  raid

rail                    rain                   rake                  rank

rape                  rasp                  rate                  rear

reef                  reel                   rent                  rest

rick                   ride                   ring                   riot

rise                   roar                  rock                  roll

rook                  root                  rope                  ruin

rule                   rush                  rust                   sack

sail                   salt                   scar                  seal

seat                  seed                 sell                   send

sham                shed                 shin                  ship

shoe                 shop                 show                sigh

sign                  sink                  size                   skid

sink                  skip                  slip                   slit

slur                   snap                 snow                soap

sock                 soil                   sole                  sort

span                 spar                  spin                  spit

spot                  spur                  stab                  star

stay                  stem                 step                  stew

stir                    stop                  stub                  stud

suit                   swab                swim                tack

tail                    talk                   tape                  taxi

team                 tear                  term                 test

thaw                 tick                   tide                   till

time                  tint                    toil                    toll

tone                  tour                  tout                   trap

trek                  trip                   trot                   twig

tune                  turf                   turn                  twig

twin                  twit                   type                  urge

 

 

vamp                veil                   vent                  vest

wait                  wake                walk                 wall

want                 ward                 warp                 wash

wave                weed                well                  whip

will                   wind                 wing                 wink

wire                  wish                 wolf                  word

word                 worm                wrap                      yoke

 

.

NOTE ON NOUNS USED AS VERBS

 

The truth about language is that it evolves and renews itself. Thus words that were previously used only as nouns are now also used as verbs. For this reason there can never be a one-to-one relation between words and their classes. The word contact can be a verb or a noun, depending on how the word is used. In the times in which we live, the impact of technology on vocabulary has been immense. Words like bookmark and network which were unmistakably nouns, are now widely used as verbs. So too are the words action, author, cement, dust, parent.

 

The advertising industry has also continued to popularize the turning of nouns into verbs by the use of the suffix –ize. The word moisten has given way to moisturize, and the word dollar which has always been a noun is now appearing as the verb dollarize. 

Words that are newly coined for a single special occasion are called nonce words. Look at Lewis Carroll’s Jabberwocky or  A Clockwork Orange  by Anthony Burgess for numerous examples of such words. Other words answer a genuine need and are quickly taken up in common usage. Such a word is blog. A blog is an online diary.

 

As users of a language, we use words both as they are given and as we in  turn modify them, relegate them or replace them. On  occasions we invent words that are totally new. It should therefore not surprise learners that  language changes as quickly as it does. Today’s young speak is hardly intelligible to those who are getting on in years. That is how it will always be. Learners will simply have to keep abreast of developments in vocabulary and grammar

 

WORD

USED AS A NOUN

USED AS A VERB

arm

upper limbs of the body

to supply with arms—guns etc.

axe

a tool for chopping woods

to discharge   workers

bag

a container for carrying things

to kill or trap in hunting

ban

an order that prevents something

to forbid something

bar

a long piece of soap or wood

to block or obstruct

bat

a piece of wood to play cricket with

to hit a cricket ball

bet

a wager

to lay a bet

bow

a weapon for shooting arrows

to bend the head

bug

an insect

to annoy someone

can

a metal container

to preserve food in a can

cap

soft hat with a peak

to cover or close something

pair

two things of the same type

to put people into groups of two

pass

a high road that goes between mountains

to travel along or through a place

peck

a quick light kiss

to nibble with a beak

pipe

a tube through which liquid or gas flows

to decorate a cake with icing

plot

a secret plan by a group of people

to make a secret plan against a leader