THE
PAST PARTICIPLE IS A WORD FORMED FROM A VERB AND USED WITH AN
AUXILIARY
VERB TO FORM TENSES
Examples:
1. We have
dried our clothes [present
perfect]
2. We had
dried our clothes. [past
perfect]
3. We shall
have dried our clothes by then.
[future perfect]
Note 1: The asterisk next to a word
indicates that its past participle has an irregular form.
The regular form allows for –d or –ed
to be added to the ending of the word.
Note 2: words in bold letters are verbs
that can be used to make compound verbs.
Examples:
look away
move back
fall back
fall down
move over
turn away
step back
pull down
pull over
bear
bore
borne
bend
bent
bent
bind
bind
bound
bite
bit
bitten
burn
burnt/burned
burnt/burned
bust
bust/busted
bust/busted
call
called
called
come
came
come
cost
cost / costed
cost / costed
deal
dealt
dealt
dive
dived/ dove
dived
draw
drew
drawn
drop
dropped
dropped
fall
fell
fallen
feed
fed
fed
feel
felt
felt
find
found
found
flee
fled
fled
give
gave
given
grow
grew
grown
hand
handed
handed
hang
hung / hanged
hung / hanged
hold
held
held
hurt
hurt
hurt
keep
kept
kept
kick
kicked
kicked
know
knew
known
leap
leaped / leapt
leaped / leapt
lead
led
led
lean
leant / leaned
leant / leaned
lend
lent
lent
look
looked
looked
lose
lost
lost
make
made
made
meet
met
met
move
moved
moved
read (pronounce reed)
read
(pronounce red)
read (pronounce red)
ride
rode
ridden
ring
rang
rung
rise
rose
risen
sail
sailed
sailed
seek
sought
sought
sell
sold
sold
send
sent
sent
shed
shed
shed
show
showed
showed / shown
shut
shut
shut
sing
sang
sung
sink
sank
sunk
spin
spun
spun
spit
spat
spat
swim
swam
swum
take
took
taken
tear
tore
torn
undo
undid
undone
wake
woke
woken
walk
walked
walked
wear
wore
worn
weep
wept
wept
wind (rhyme with find)
wound (like hound)
wound
Usage Note: Hung is the preferred past tense and past participle of hang except where the word is
used in the sense of “to put to death by hanging,” as in: The
convicted murderer was hanged.
VERBS THAT CAN BE FOLLOWED BY AN INFINITIVE
Examples:
I agree to help you.
You appear to be improving.
We shall arrange to see you.
They have asked to be invited.
We attempted to walk home.
They begged to be given a ride.
She called to fetch the ring.
He consented to hire me.
agree
appear
arrange
ask
attempt
beg
call
claim
consent
decide
demand
desire
expect
fail
fear
forget
grieve
help
hesitate
hope
intend
look
love
manage
mean
move
need
offer
plan
prepare
pretend
promise
push
refuse
regret
rush
seek
seem
slog
stay
strive
struggle
swear
tend
threaten
try
vote
wait
walk
want
wish
work
Auxiliaries
will
would
can
could
may
might
must
have
has
had
do
does
did
is
am / are
was / were
shall
should
Use
the following verbs to express a thought, idea, or disagreement:
agree
appreciate
assume
believe
concur
differ
disagree
disbelieve
doubt
find
foresee
forgot
grant
imagine
know
mean
notice
presume
recall
reckon
recognise
recollect
remember
suppose
thought
trust
understand
Use
the following verbs to express a feeling:
abhor
adore
desire
crave
curse
despise
detest
dislike
enjoy
fancy
favour
feel
forgive
hate
hope
lament
loathe
like
love
prefer
relish
savour
want
wish
Use the following verbs to direct, instruct or urge:
advise
alert
ask
caution
command
counsel
direct
encourage
inform
instruct
invite
order
prompt
request
require
summon
urge
warn
Common Linking Verbs:
Use the following linking verbs to show:
what state a person
is in
what that person is
sensing
what the resultant
outcome of an observation is
appear
become
come
continue
fall
feel
get
go
grow
happen
keep
leave off
lie
live
look
loom
prove
rank
remain
rest
run
seem
sit
smell
sound
stand
stay
taste
turn
turn out
Use
the following verbs to comment on art, drama or literature:
copy
clarify
demonstrate
depict
describe
draw
illustrate
outline
portray
represent
sketch
